The Federal Reserve, which has raised its rate twice this year by a total of 50 basis points, also maintained its forecast for raising the fed funds rate by another 25 points this year and raised its forecast for economic growth this year.
After slashing interest rates to essentially zero and purchasing government bonds and housing-related debt in the wake of the global financial crises, the Fed in December 2015 began raising its rate and will now turn its attention to normalizing its balance sheet that ballooned from less than $900 billion pre-2008 as it sought to hold down long-term interest rates to stimulate economic growth.
The Fed's decision to begin whittling down its holdings of securities in October was largely expected, illustrating the Fed's policy of making sure it doesn't surprise financial markets.
Back in June the Fed first laid out its principles and plans for gradually decreasing the reinvestments of principal payments from its securities. At that point it said the process would begin "this year" and then followed up in July when it said it would begin "relatively soon," giving financial markets plenty of time to digest the implications for the critical Treasury market.
At first the Fed will roll over principal payments from Treasuries that exceed $6 billion and reinvest payments from agency debt and mortgage-backed securities that exceed $4 billion.
This cap on how much the Fed reinvests will then rise in three-month intervals over the next 12 months until it reaches $30 billion a month for Treasuries and $20 billion for housing securities.
The gradual tightening of the Fed's monetary policy comes as the U.S. economy continues to improve, with the Fed describing economic activity as "rising moderately" as household spending expands and business investment picks up, resulting in "solid" job gains.
The impact of recent hurricanes - Harvey, Irma and Maria - is expected to affect economic activity in the near term but based on past experience the Fed doesn't expect any lasting damage.
Inflation may be boosted temporarily from higher gasoline prices but apart from that, the Fed still expects inflation to remain below 2 percent in the near term before stabilizes around this level - its target level - in the medium term.
As in July, the Fed said near-term risks to its economic outlook were roughly balanced and it was monitoring inflation closely.
The Fed's policy-making arm, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) was once again unanimous in its decision.
In an update to its economic projections, the Fed expects its key interest rate to rise to 1.4 percent this year, implying one more rate hike, and then rise to 2.1 percent in 2018, implying three hikes.
In 2019 the fed funds rate is seen rising to 2.7 percent, down from 2.9 percent forecast in June as the longer-run rate was lowered to 2.8 percent from 3.0 percent. In 2020 the rate is seen at 2.9 percent.
The U.S. economy is seen expanding by 2.4 percent this year, up from the June forecast of 2.2 percent but then easing to 2.1 percent next year, unchanged from June. In 2019 the economy is seen expanding by 2.0 percent up from 1.9 percent and then by 1.8 percent in 2020, which is also the longer-run growth rate.
The Fed's preferred inflation gauge, personal consumption expenditure, is seen averaging 1.6 percent this year, unchanged from June, and then 1.9 percent next year, down from 2.0 percent,. In 2019 and 2010 inflation is seen at 2.0 percent.
The U.S. headline inflation rate rose to 1.9 percent in August from 1.7 percent in July while the annual growth rate in the second quarter rose to 2.2 percent from 2.0 percent in the first quarter.
The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System issued the following statements:
"Information received since the Federal Open Market Committee met in July indicates that the labor market has continued to strengthen and that economic activity has been rising moderately so far this year. Job gains have remained solid in recent months, and the unemployment rate has stayed low. Household spending has been expanding at a moderate rate, and growth in business fixed investment has picked up in recent quarters. On a 12-month basis, overall inflation and the measure excluding food and energy prices have declined this year and are running below 2 percent. Market-based measures of inflation compensation remain low; survey-based measures of longer-term inflation expectations are little changed, on balance.
Consistent with its statutory mandate, the Committee seeks to foster maximum employment and price stability. Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria have devastated many communities, inflicting severe hardship. Storm-related disruptions and rebuilding will affect economic activity in the near term, but past experience suggests that the storms are unlikely to materially alter the course of the national economy over the medium term. Consequently, the Committee continues to expect that, with gradual adjustments in the stance of monetary policy, economic activity will expand at a moderate pace, and labor market conditions will strengthen somewhat further. Higher prices for gasoline and some other items in the aftermath of the hurricanes will likely boost inflation temporarily; apart from that effect, inflation on a 12-month basis is expected to remain somewhat below 2 percent in the near term but to stabilize around the Committee's 2 percent objective over the medium term. Near-term risks to the economic outlook appear roughly balanced, but the Committee is monitoring inflation developments closely.
In view of realized and expected labor market conditions and inflation, the Committee decided to maintain the target range for the federal funds rate at 1 to 1-1/4 percent. The stance of monetary policy remains accommodative, thereby supporting some further strengthening in labor market conditions and a sustained return to 2 percent inflation.
In determining the timing and size of future adjustments to the target range for the federal funds rate, the Committee will assess realized and expected economic conditions relative to its objectives of maximum employment and 2 percent inflation. This assessment will take into account a wide range of information, including measures of labor market conditions, indicators of inflation pressures and inflation expectations, and readings on financial and international developments. The Committee will carefully monitor actual and expected inflation developments relative to its symmetric inflation goal. The Committee expects that economic conditions will evolve in a manner that will warrant gradual increases in the federal funds rate; the federal funds rate is likely to remain, for some time, below levels that are expected to prevail in the longer run. However, the actual path of the federal funds rate will depend on the economic outlook as informed by incoming data.
In October, the Committee will initiate the balance sheet normalization program described in the June 2017 Addendum to the Committee's Policy Normalization Principles and Plans.
Voting for the FOMC monetary policy action were: Janet L. Yellen, Chair; William C. Dudley, Vice Chairman; Lael Brainard; Charles L. Evans; Stanley Fischer; Patrick Harker; Robert S. Kaplan; Neel Kashkari; and Jerome H. Powell."
Decisions Regarding Monetary Policy Implementation
"The Federal Reserve has made the following decisions to implement the monetary policy stance announced by the Federal Open Market Committee in its statement on September 20, 2017:
- The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System voted unanimously to maintain the interest rate paid on required and excess reserve balances at 1.25 percent.
- As part of its policy decision, the Federal Open Market Committee voted to authorize and direct the Open Market Desk at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, until instructed otherwise, to execute transactions in the System Open Market Account in accordance with the following domestic policy directive:"Effective September 21, 2017, the Federal Open Market Committee directs the Desk to undertake open market operations as necessary to maintain the federal funds rate in a target range of 1 to 1-1/4 percent, including overnight reverse repurchase operations (and reverse repurchase operations with maturities of more than one day when necessary to accommodate weekend, holiday, or similar trading conventions) at an offering rate of 1.00 percent, in amounts limited only by the value of Treasury securities held outright in the System Open Market Account that are available for such operations and by a per-counterparty limit of $30 billion per day.The Committee directs the Desk to continue rolling over at auction Treasury securities maturing during September, and to continue reinvesting in agency mortgage-backed securities the principal payments received through September from the Federal Reserve's holdings of agency debt and agency mortgage-backed securities.Effective in October 2017, the Committee directs the Desk to roll over at auction the amount of principal payments from the Federal Reserve's holdings of Treasury securities maturing during each calendar month that exceeds $6 billion, and to reinvest in agency mortgage-backed securities the amount of principal payments from the Federal Reserve's holdings of agency debt and agency mortgage-backed securities received during each calendar month that exceeds $4 billion. Small deviations from these amounts for operational reasons are acceptable.The Committee also directs the Desk to engage in dollar roll and coupon swap transactions as necessary to facilitate settlement of the Federal Reserve's agency mortgage-backed securities transactions."
- In a related action, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System voted unanimously to approve the establishment of the primary credit rate at the existing level of 1.75 percent.
This information will be updated as appropriate to reflect decisions of the Federal Open Market Committee or the Board of Governors regarding details of the Federal Reserve's operational tools and approach used to implement monetary policy.
More information regarding open market operations and the details of operational plans for reducing reinvestments may be found on the Federal Reserve Bank of New York's website"
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